Lighting system having reduced melanopic spectral content

ABSTRACT

A disclosed light-emitting device may provide white light with a cyan gap coinciding with a melanopic sensitivity range and thus having reduced melanopic content. The disclosed light-emitting device may include a light source providing violet or blue light with a peak wavelength under 450 nanometers (nm). The disclosed light-emitting device may include at least one down-converter coupled to and located downstream of the light source and configured with a long-wavelength onset to convert the spectrum of the violet or blue light to generate white light with a spectral power content in a 447-531 nm wavelength range that is less than or equal to 10% of a total spectral power content in a 380-780 nm wavelength range. The disclosed light-emitting device may be incorporated in a light engine system that further includes a control system that controls a drive current to the light-emitting device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No.62/393,306, filed Sep. 12, 2016, which is incorporated by reference asif fully set forth.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The disclosures herein generally relate to a light-emitting device withan improved non-visual response.

BACKGROUND

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light emitter used as alight source in a variety of applications, such as display lights,warning lights, indicator lights, or other applications where white orcolored light is desired. The color of light produced by an LED isdetermined, at least in part, by the type of semiconducting materialused in its manufacture. For LEDs used in general illuminationapplications (e.g., general or ambient lighting), the emission spectrum(i.e., intensity of light versus its wavelength) may be the result of acompromise between a preferred color point and color rendition (theeffect of a light source on the color appearance of objects and anaspect of color quality) on the one hand, and (luminous) efficacy on theother hand, due to the limitations of practical emitter and convertermaterials.

In an example, existing LED designs for outdoor and industrialapplications often prioritize efficacy over color quality because suchapplications typically have long operating hours providing potential toexploit significant energy savings, and often do not need high colorfidelity. These characteristics, associated with outdoor and industrialapplications, have led to a prevalence of LEDs with cool-white andneutral-white correlated color temperatures (CCT) (e.g., CCT values of4000 Kelvin (K) and above) with moderate color rendering index (CRI)(CRI is a scale from 0 to 100 percent indicating how accurate a givenlight source is at rendering color when compared to a “reference” lightsource). An example of a cool-white LED with moderate CRI is a 4000K/70LED with CCT equal to 4000K and a CRI value of 70. The emission spectraassociated with such existing LEDs as the 4000K/70 LED havesignificantly more blue spectral content than some of the incumbenttechnologies that they replace (e.g., high-pressure sodium lighting),which has caused recent concerns about their impact on human physiology,and in particular circadian rhythms.

SUMMARY

A disclosed light-emitting device may provide white light with a cyangap coinciding with a melanopic sensitivity range and thus havingreduced melanopic content. The disclosed light-emitting device mayinclude a light source providing violet or blue light with a peakwavelength under 450 nanometers (nm) (e.g., 410-420 nm, 420-430 nm,430-440 nm or 440-450 nm). The disclosed light-emitting device mayinclude at least one down-converter coupled to and located downstream ofthe light source and configured with a long-wavelength onset to convertthe spectrum of the violet or blue light to generate white light with aspectral power content in a 447-531 nm wavelength range that is lessthan or equal to 10% of a total spectral power content in a 380-780 nmwavelength range. The disclosed light-emitting device may provide whitelight with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of at least 2700 Kelvin(K). The at least one down-converter may be a nitride-based phosphorsystem with peak emission in an amber wavelength range. Examplesmaterials for the nitride-based phosphor system include (Ba,Sr)₂Si₅N₈:Eu(BSSN) and/or (Sr,Ca)SiAIN₃:Eu (SCASN). The disclosed light-emittingdevice may be incorporated in a light engine system that furtherincludes a control system that controls a drive current to thelight-emitting device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example light-emitting device, inaccordance with the disclosures herein;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the spectra or spectral densities of severallight-emitting devices configured to emit white light with reducedspectral content in the melanopic sensitivity range, as shown comparedto the melanopic response function; and

FIG. 3 is a table showing spectral metrics for the light-emittingdevices with spectra shown in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The human circadian rhythm is a twenty-four hour cycle in the humanphysiological process and includes any biological process that displaysan endogenous and entrainable oscillation. Entrainment is theinteraction between circadian rhythms and the environment, such as theentrainment of circadian rhythms to the daily light-dark cycledetermined by the earth's rotation.

Light-induced circadian entrainment and other non-visual responses tolight are influenced by a distinct photoreceptor in the eye, theintrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), inaddition to conventional rods and cones. Together, these responses canproduce a day-like physiological state. For example, light constrictsthe pupil, suppresses pineal melatonin production, increases heart rateand core body temperature, stimulates cortisol production, and acts as aneurophysiological stimulant.

Empirical evidence has shown that these non-visual responses generallyhave a peak spectral sensitivity in the short-wavelength end of thevisible spectrum. This correlates with the action spectrum formelanopsin, which is the photopigment (i.e., a pigment whose chemicalstate depends on its degree of illumination) in the eye expressed by theipRGCs, and which peaks at a wavelength of 490 nm. The melanopicsensitivity range is 447-531 nm full width at half maximum (FWHM) (i.e.,the width of the spectral density curve between points on the curve atwhich the spectral density reaches half its maximum value). However, thefiring pattern of the ipRGCs is based not only on melanopsinphototransduction but also on inputs from rods and cones, due to theirneurophysiological connections. Therefore, the spectral sensitivity ofnon-visual responses is generally more complex as it is affected by thetotal spectrum and illuminance (i.e., the amount of luminous flux perunit area) and may be different between specific physiologicalresponses. Tools are available to calculate, for a given spectrum, thespectrally weighted irradiance (the flux of radiant energy per unitarea) of the five human photopigments, which are well established. Thesetools can then be used as a starting point to study and quantify theability of spectra to evoke non-visual responses.

In many lighting applications, including general purpose, outdoor andindustrial applications, it is desirable to minimize non-visualresponses while providing adequate visual illuminance with high energyefficiency, which may be accomplished by minimizing the spectral contentin the melanopic sensitivity range. Existing neutral-whitephosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs) have significant spectral content inthe melanopic sensitivity range (447-531 nm FWHM), which may be adominant factor for non-visual responses. For example, the spectralpower content in the melanopic sensitivity range for a typical 4000K/70LED is 26%.

With conventional white light pc-LEDs, reducing the spectral content inthe melanopic sensitivity range while maintaining a color point on theblackbody locus (i.e., a color on the path that the color of anincandescent black body would take in a particular chromaticity space asthe blackbody temperature changes) may involve moving to adeep-warm-white color. An example of a deep-warm-white color LED is a2200K/80 LED, which has 11% spectral power content in the melanopicrange. However, a 2200K/80 LED is generally not desirable because of anundesirable color point (most applications specify light between 27000Kand 4000K) and the much lower efficacy. Warm-white light sources needsignificant red to deep red spectral content to maintain good colorrendering. At the associated wavelengths (e.g., 620-750 nm), thesensitivity of the human eye is relatively low and therefore theluminous efficacy (in units of lumens per Watt, lm/W) is low andinefficiencies are increased from emitting a spectrum where a largefraction of the emitted wavelengths are beyond the sensitivity of thehuman eye.

Accordingly, to address the concerns raised above, a pc-LED is disclosedwith an emission spectrum that minimizes spectral content in themelanopic sensitivity range while still achieving a white color pointwith a CCT of 2700K or higher, allowing for high (luminous) efficacy.The disclosed pc-LED may be realized using a short-wavelength pump LED(e.g., a blue or violet LED) and a converter, coupled to and locatedabove the short-wavelength pump LED, having a long-wavelength onset ofthe emission spectrum, thereby creating a cyan gap in the emittedspectrum coinciding with the melanopic range. An example of a converteris a phosphor layer or coating on or above the short-wavelength pumpLED, such that the light (photons) generated by the LED travel throughthe phosphor layer. The disclosed pc-LED achieves a spectral powercontent in the melanopic range of approximately 5% while achieving aluminous efficacy of radiation (LER) that is improved by approximately15% over a state-of-the-art 4000K/70 LED. The disclosed LED is describedin more detail below.

Although the example embodiments may be described herein with respect toan LED light source and a phosphor-based converter, any other lightsource (e.g., a laser diode) and/or converter (quantum dot converter)may be used similarly.

In an example embodiment, the disclosed light-emitting device is aviolet or blue pc-LED (or laser diode) with a pump wavelength of 450 nmor less (e.g., 410-420 nm, 420-430 nm, 430-440 nm or 440-450 nm) and atotal emission spectrum, once converted, that has a substantially whitecolor point with a CCT of 2700K or higher, and a spectral power contentin the 447-531 nm wavelength range of 10% or less of the total powerbetween 380 nm and 780 nm.

In an example embodiment, the disclosed light-emitting device may be anLED with a nitride-based phosphor system with peak emission in the amberwavelength range, which is approximately 570-600 nm. Examples ofmaterials for the phosphor system may include, but is not limited to,(Ba,Sr)₂Si₅N₈:Eu (“BSSN”), (Sr,Ca)SiAIN₃:Eu (“SCASN”), a mixture of bothBSSN and SCASN, and/or any phosphor with emission in the desired amberwavelength range. In an example, the disclosed LED may be a high-powerflip-chip die and the phosphor may be integrated as a ceramic plateattached to the die. However, other pc-LED device architectures maysimilarly be employed.

In another example embodiment, the disclosed light-emitting device maybe incorporated in a light engine that also includes one or morelight-emitters each with a cyan enhanced spectrum, and a control systemthat controls the drive current of the cyan depleted and cyan enhancedemitters. The control system may then be configured to suppress or evokenon-visual responses depending on application needs.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example light-emitting device 100,in accordance with the disclosures herein. The light-emitting device 100may be configured to provide white light 101. The light-emitting device100 may include a light source 102 configured to provide light sourcelight 103. For example, the light source 102 may provide violet to bluelight source light 103, with a wavelength in the range of 400-460 nm(e.g., 410-450 nm). In an example, the light source 102 may beimplemented as a pump LED, such as violet pump LED or a blue pump LED.For example, the light source 102 may be high-power flip-chip die.

The light-emitting device 100 may include a luminescent material element104. For example, the luminescent material element 104 may include oneor more converters, such as one or more narrow-band converters (e.g.,quantum dot converters). For example, the luminescent material element104 may comprise down-converter(s) or down-converting material thatconverts high-energy photons provided by the light source 102 intolower-energy photons to constitute the rest of the spectrum. In anexample, the luminescent material element 104 may be a nitride-basedphosphor system and may consist of a phosphor material, such as any ofthe examples described herein. In an example, the luminescent materialelement 104 may be ceramic plate attached to the light source 102. Theluminescent material element 104 may be located downstream (in thedirection of light emittance) of the light source 102 and in particularwith respect to the light emitting surface 106 of the light source 102.The material used in the luminescent material element 104 may beconfigured to absorb at least part of the light source light 103 (e.g.,violet light or blue light) and may convert the light source light 103into luminescent material light 105. The luminescent material element104 may be transmissive (i.e., allowing light to pass through) for atleast part of the light source light 103. The luminescent materialelement 104 may have waveguiding properties. Thus, the white light 101emitted from the light-emitting device 100 may include at least someportion of the light source light 103 and at least some portion of theluminescent material light 105.

In an example, the luminescent material element 104 may include aluminescent material 110, which provides the luminescent material light105. In this example, the luminescent material 110 is indicated asparticles or regions within the luminescent material element 104.However, the luminescent material 110 may be homogeneously distributedover the luminescent material element 104. In an example, theluminescent material 110 may be consist of phosphor to provide a yellowlight, and/or provide a broader combined emission spectrum extendinginto red light.

The distance between the luminescent material element 104 and the lightemitting surface 106 of the light source 102 is indicated by d1. Forexample, the distance d1 may be practically 0 mm (e.g., the luminescentmaterial element 104 may be in physical contact with the light emittingsurface 106 of the light source 102, or separated by a transparentsubstrate or glue bond of only a few μm in thickness) or may be largerthan 0 mm (e.g., 10 mm). In an example, the thickness d2 of theluminescent material element 104 may be in the range of a 5 μm to 10 mm.The thickness d2 may depend upon the type of application (e.g., thinnerlayer thicknesses for non-remote or vicinity applications, and largerlayer thicknesses d2 for remote applications).

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the spectra or spectral densities (shownnormalized in arbitrary units (a.u.)) of several light-emitting devicesconfigured to emit white light with reduced spectral content in themelanopic sensitivity range, as shown compared to the melanopic responsefunction (shown by a dashed line). Metrics for the spectra representedin FIG. 2 are given in FIG. 3. The luminous efficacy of radiation (LER),measured in lumens per Watt (lm/W), is the ratio of luminous flux topower and provides a measure of how well a light source produces visiblelight. The CRI indicates, on a scale of 0-100, how accurately a givenlight source renders color when compared to a reference light source(CRI Ra refers to the average of the first eight indices defined inCRI).

The light-emitting devices represented in FIG. 2 are: LED 201 (shown bya long dash/short dash line), which may be a state-of-the-art 4000K/70LED; LED 202 (shown by a long dash/double short dash line), which may bean example 3000K pc-LED, as implemented in accordance with thedisclosures herein; LED 203 (shown by a dotted line), which may beanother example 3000K LED with further improved LER, as implemented inaccordance with the disclosures herein; and LED 204 (shown by a solidline), which may be another example 3000K LED with improved CRI, asimplemented in accordance with the disclosures herein.

The spectral densities shown in FIG. 2 exhibit reduced melanopicilluminance (in the range of approximately 447-531 nm FWHM) at a givenphotopic illuminance. As illustrated by the spectra shown in FIG. 2 andthe corresponding data in FIG. 3, the example LEDs 202, 203 and 204,implemented in accordance with the disclosures herein, havesignificantly higher LER (397 lm/W, 434 lm/W, and 382 lm/W,respectively) than the LER of the state-of-the-art 4000K/70 LED 201 (342lm/W). Moreover, the ceramic plate technology (e.g., phosphor based)that may be used as a converter in the light-emitting device can reducescattering compared to phosphor integration technologies using phosphorpowder, which may further increase the overall luminous efficacy.

In an example, the LED 203 and/or LED 204 may contain one or morenarrow-band converters, for example quantum dot converters, to realizethe respective desired spectrum shown in FIG. 2. By design, creating acyan gap, as shown in the spectra in FIG. 2, may desaturate cyan colorswhile oversaturating the violet-blue and green-yellow colors adjacent tothe cyan gap. By tuning the remainder of the emission spectrum, theimpact on such saturation and desaturation on color rendering can beminimized and a CRI above 60 can be achieved while still maintainingminimal cyan content. The excellent color rendering at long wavelengthscompensates for poorer color rendering of short wavelengths to achievethe acceptable overall CRI.

FIG. 3 shows key spectral metrics for chromaticity, LER, color rendering(CRI) and melanopic spectral content for each of the LED light-emitterdesigns with spectra shown in FIG. 2. The example LEDs 201-204 havesmall “Duv” values, which is the distance to the blackbody locus inCIE1976 color space, and thus indicate a white color for the exampleLEDs 201-204. As explained above, the example LEDs 202, 203 and 204,implemented in accordance with the disclosures herein, have higher LER,and thus an improved luminous efficacy, than the LER of thestate-of-the-art 4000K/70 LED 201. TM-30 is a color rendering metricthat consists of fidelity (TM-30 Rf), gamut (TM-30 Rg), and TM-30 colorvector graphic showing saturation of individual colors. The melanopicspectral content may be represented by the fraction of radiometric powerwithin the melanopic FWHM of 447-531 nm, or by the ratio of melanopiclux and photopic lux (m/p ratio). The latter more accurately reflectsthe weighting by the melanopic sensitivity curve.

The disclosures described herein include example embodiments, such thata person skilled in the art could modify, alter, omit or replace thedescribed elements with equivalent elements.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A light-emitting device configured to provide whitelight with a cyan gap coinciding with a melanopic sensitivity range, thelight-emitting device comprising: a light source configured to emitviolet or blue light with an emission spectrum having peak wavelengthunder 450 nm; and at least one wavelength converter coupled to andlocated downstream of the light source and configured to absorb at leasta portion of violet or blue light emitted by the light source and inresponse emit light with an emission spectrum at wavelengths longer thanthose in the light source emission spectrum; wherein an unabsorbedportion of the violet or blue light emitted by the light source andtransmitted through the wavelength converter combined with the emissionfrom the wavelength converter provides a white light emission spectrumfrom the light emitting device, the white light emission spectrum havinga correlated color temperature greater than or equal to 2700 K,comprising a spectral gap in a 447 nm-531 nm wavelength range defined bya long wavelength side of the light source emission spectrum and a shortwavelength side of the wavelength converter emission spectrum, andhaving a spectral power content in the 447-531 nm wavelength range thatis less than or equal to 10% of a total spectral power content in a 380nm-780 nm wavelength range.
 22. The light emitting device of claim 21,wherein the white light emission spectrum has a spectral power contentin the 447-531 nm wavelength range that is less than or equal to 5% of atotal spectral power content in a 380 nm-780 nm wavelength range. 23.The light emitting device of claim 21, wherein the white light emissionhas a spectral power content between 380 nm and 447 nm greater than orequal to 10% of the total spectral power content of the white lightemission between 380 nm and 780 nm.
 24. The light emitting device ofclaim 21, wherein the white light emission has a spectral power contentbetween 531 nm and 630 nm greater than or equal to 80% of a spectralpower content of the white light emission between 531 nm and 780 nm. 25.The light emitting device of claim 21, wherein the white light emissionspectrum has a luminous efficacy of radiation greater than 380 lumensper Watt.
 26. The light emitting device of claim 21, wherein the lightsource is configured to emit light with an emission spectrum having peakwavelength less than or equal to 440 nm.
 27. The light emitting deviceof claim 21, wherein: the white light emission has a total spectralpower content between 531 nm and 630 nm greater than or equal to 80% ofthe total spectral power content of the white light emission between 380nm and 780 nm; and the white light emission has a total spectral powercontent between 531 nm and 630 nm greater than or equal to 80% of thetotal spectral power content of the white light emission between 531 nmand 780 nm.
 28. The light emitting device of claim 27, wherein the whitelight emission spectrum has a luminous efficacy of radiation greaterthan 380 lumens per Watt.
 29. The light emitting device of claim 28,wherein the light source is configured to emit violet or blue light withan emission spectrum having peak wavelength less than or equal to 440nm.
 30. The light emitting device of claim 21, wherein the wavelengthconverter is configured to absorb at least a portion of violet or bluelight emitted by the light source and in response emit light with anemission spectrum having a peak in the amber wavelength range andextending into the red wavelength range.
 31. The light emitting deviceof claim 30, wherein the wavelength converter comprises one or morenitride-based phosphors.
 32. The light emitting device of claim 31,wherein the one or more nitride-based phosphors comprise(Ba,Sr)₂Si₅N₈:Eu, (Sr,Ca)SiAIN₃:Eu, or (Ba,Sr)₂Si₅N₈:Eu and(Sr,Ca)SiAIN₃:Eu.
 33. The light emitting device of claim 30, wherein ashort wavelength side of the peak in the amber wavelength range forms along wavelength side of the spectral gap.
 34. The light emitting deviceof claim 1, wherein the wavelength converter comprises quantum dotsconfigured to absorb at least a portion of the violet or blue lightemitted by the light source and in response emit light with an emissionspectrum at wavelengths longer than those in the light source emissionspectrum.
 35. The light emitting device of claim 21, wherein the lightsource is a light emitting diode or laser diode.
 36. The light emittingdevice of claim 21, wherein the wavelength converter is in contact witha light emitting surface of the light source.
 37. The light emittingdevice of claim 36, wherein the wavelength converter comprises a ceramicplate attached to the light emitting surface of the light source. 38.The light emitting device of claim 21, wherein the wavelength converteris located at a non-zero distance from a light emitting surface of thelight source.
 39. A light engine configured to provide white light withtunable spectral content in a range coinciding with a melanopicsensitivity range, the light engine comprising: a plurality of thelight-emitting devices of claim 21; and a control system configured tocontrol drive current to the plurality of light-emitting devices. 40.The light emitting device of claim 39, wherein the white light emissionspectrum of the light-emitting devices has a spectral power content inthe 447-531 nm wavelength range that is less than or equal to 5% of atotal spectral power content in a 380 nm-780 nm wavelength range.